They are functions that return CHARACTER values, unless stated.
They return the data type VARCHAR2, limited to a length of 4000 bytes.
If the return values length exceeds, Then the return value is truncated, without an error.
The functions are categorized as

• Case Conversion Functions.
• Character Manipulation Functions.

Case Conversion Functions :

These functions are used to convert the casing of the existing character from one type to another.

• LOWER Function
• UPPER Function
• INITCAP Function